Appointing a Permanent Professor
Retirement in the Grade of Brigadier General
Promotions after Retirement—Corrections of Records
Subsequent Promotions—Exceptions to Policy
The Dean of the Faculty
Management of the Permanent Professors from appointment to retirement, is described in this chapter. The position of Permanent Professor at the United States Air Force Academy was established in 1957. Title 10, United States Code §9331, currently authorizes 23 Permanent Professors and a Dean of the Faculty. Other sections of 10 U.S.C. provide additional definition of the program. The treatment of the Air Force Academy in these provisions is generally identical to that of the United States Military Academy at West Point, much as the entire legal basis of the United States Air Force paralleled that of its parent service, the United States Army. (The Naval Academy was authorized Permanent Professors beginning in 2008
The most salient feature of the program is the ability for each Permanent Professor to serve in their position, usually Department Head, at the Academy for many years, thus providing stability and continuity to the Academy’s academic program while enhancing military professionalism to the entire institution. The continuation of active duty beyond a colonel’s normal 30-year career raises unique challenges with regard to pay, professional development, evaluation, and retirement. Each of these issues is addressed in the policies that govern this unique program. The provisions for Permanent Professors in Public Law, as well as Department of Defense, Air Force, and Air Force Academy policies and procedures, have been gathered into a single Air Force Academy Instruction, 36-3532, which provides guidance for managing Permanent Professors to include nomination and appointment, continuation, and retirement.
The 23 authorized Permanent Professor positions at the Air Force Academy have currently are:
The Department Heads of the 20 academic departments (one of whom serves as the Vice Dean of the Faculty)
The Vice Dean of the Faculty
The Vice Dean for Strategy and Curriculum
The Head of the Department of Physical Education (Department of Athletics)
The Director of the Center for Character and Leadership Development
In practice, the Vice Dean of the Faculty’s position has been filled on a rotating basis by one of the Department Heads; therefore, that Permanent Professor authorization has been unused. However, in 2018 the Dean elected to establish a second Vice Dean position, the Vice Dean for Strategy and Curriculum, and use the Permanent Professor authorization for it. The Vice Dean of the Faculty position continued to be filled on a rotating basis. The Center for Character and Leadership Development, initially under the Commandant of Cadets, was reorganized during 2016–2018, emerging on July 1, 2018 as a new unit reporting directly to the Academy Superintendent with the Permanent Professor as Center Director and Department Head.
The process of appointing a new Permanent Professor begins at the Air Force Academy, but it ends with the President of the United States and the Senate. Per 10 U.S.C. §9333(b), “The permanent professors of the Academy shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.” The processes described below for selecting and nominating a Permanent Professor are those of the Dean’s organization, where it is normal to fill two or more positions every year. For the positions outside the faculty, which may only be filled once a decade, similar procedures are followed, modified to fit their unique circumstances.
In the early days of the late 1950s and 1960s, when the academic structure of the Academy was rapidly changing, vacancies existed almost everywhere, and selection of individual Permanent Professors was done personally and privately by the Dean and the Superintendent. Since those beginnings, the Dean has established an orderly procedure for what often becomes a yearlong process. Permanent Professor vacancies due to the retirement of an incumbent in an academic department are usually known many months in advance, although openings have also occurred more suddenly. In either case the procedure to select a replacement is the same: first a careful Air Force-wide search, then interviews, and finally a nomination.
The Dean of the Faculty first determines that a vacancy exists or may exist in the near future. Next, a Search Committee is appointed by the Dean. The Committee normally consists of three Permanent Professors. The chair is the senior Permanent Professor in the academic division of the vacancy, supplemented by a Permanent Professor from a similar division, and a third from a division of the opposite academic hemisphere. For example, a committee searching to fill an Aeronautics Department Head vacancy would normally be led by an engineer, with a representative from Basic Sciences and another from either Humanities or Social Sciences. Most recent practice has allowed for the committee also to have a full professor civilian faculty member (typically from the discipline being competed) and an “external reviewer.” The committee’s duty is to conduct an Air Force-wide survey of potential nominees, solicit applications from qualified individuals, select and interview the leading candidates, and develop a rank-order recommendation for consideration by the Dean and the Superintendent. The nominees must be outstanding Air Force officers highly qualified in academic disciplines they would oversee and teach, as well as having demonstrated excellent military professionalism and leadership qualities.
The Search Committee requests the personnel system to identify all Air Force field grade officers who possess a doctorate or appropriate professional degree in a relevant academic field. From this list and associated personnel briefs, the Committee identifies a smaller group of best qualified individuals and invites each to formally apply for the open position. Applicants provide the committee with details of their military and leadership experience, professional academic experience (teaching, research, and scholarly publications), and two or three letters of recommendation. The Academy provides travel support for the top candidates to come to the Academy for interviews, during which time the candidates have opportunities to meet and discuss issues with the Dean, the Search Committee, groups of Permanent Professors, the department members of the department in which the vacancy exists, and others. Following the interviews, the Search Committee develops its recommendation (rank order of top interviewees) and presents its top candidates to all the Permanent Professors for the group’s review and its independent recommendation.
The Superintendent, who is the nominating official, receives the Dean’s recommendation, along with one from the Search Committee and another from the body of Permanent Professors. These lists could be different, but in practice they are usually the same. Of course, the Superintendent may accept the Dean’s recommendation, return it for reconsideration, or select someone else. Some Superintendents have preferred to only get the Dean’s recommendation, but in this case the Dean has the other two recommendations to help reach a decision. Having made the selection, the Superintendent nominates the selected individual to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Secretary of the Air Force. If approved at that level, the selection is forwarded through the Office of the Secretary of Defense to the President of the United States for formal nomination to the United States Senate for confirmation.
Upon confirmation by the Senate, the individual is appointed to a new statutory status, “Permanent Professor,” separate and distinct from their previous status and service category. Unless especially junior, the Permanent Professor normally serves with the grade of colonel. There is a provision (10 U.S.C. §9336) that ensures that junior officers appointed as Permanent Professors would serve as lieutenant colonels until “after the date on which they would have been promoted had they been selected for promotion from among officers in the promotion zone.” For this reason, although the statute was a little different during their service, Pete Carter, Phil Erdle, Cary Fisher, Joe Monroe, and Ron Thomas were majors when appointed Permanent Professors, but within days they were promoted early to lieutenant colonel. Mal Wakin was a captain when appointed Permanent Professor the same day as Erdle and Thomas and became a lieutenant colonel with them 20 days later. Thus, each began their Permanent Professorships as lieutenant colonels. The appointment is as Permanent Professor, normally with duty as Head of an academic department, but there have been a few occasions where the Permanent Professor was first assigned to the Dean’s Staff. Al Hurley, Phil Erdle, Cary Fisher, Joe Monroe, and Erv Rokke were Assistant Deans before being named Department Heads. All, including Thomas and Carter, became colonels when appointed Department Head in accordance with the statute at the time. One notable exception is George Fagan, who served with distinction as the Director of the Library for 13 years and did much to increase the academic reputation of the Academy. Regardless of the assigned duty, whether as a Department Head or other assignment at the Academy or elsewhere, the Permanent Professor’s status is unchanged.
One peculiarity of the Permanent Professor position is related to command authority. According to 10 U.S.C. §9334, Permanent Professors “exercise command only in the academic department of the Academy.” This has been interpreted by some to mean that the Permanent Professor cannot be a “commander” in the full Air Force meaning and cannot have command authority in the sense of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. This is an interesting artifact of our Army heritage. In much earlier times, the Military Academy occasionally needed to appoint a Permanent Professor directly from civilian academia. These men made fine professors but were unprepared for the command functions and so were denied the military command prerogatives of regular Army lieutenant colonels. This restriction, embodied in the law, was passed along to the Air Force. One can argue that the restriction is wholly unnecessary in the modern era, for the Air Force as well as for the Army, since Permanent Professors were career officers before selection for the special duty. Nevertheless, the restriction remains. In practice it is little more than a mild annoyance, and it has sometimes been interpreted differently or ignored completely.
A key feature of the Permanent Professor program is that the Permanent Professor may continue on active duty beyond 30 years of service, the limit for other colonels. The mandatory retirement age is specified in 10 U.S. Code §1252, which states that unless retired or separated earlier, each Permanent Professor of the United States Air Force Academy “shall be retired on the first day of the month following the month in which the officer becomes 64 years of age.” This foresees the eventuality that a Permanent Professor’s active duty may extend to 35 or 40 years or even more. It is presumed that they will continue beyond 30 years, and it is normally in the best interests of the Air Force and the Academy that they do. However, such an extended tenure calls for special provisions for pay, professional development, and retirement.
The pay of a Permanent Professor is that of any other officer of the same grade and longevity, except that there is a special provision for service beyond 36 years. A Permanent Professor who has completed 36 years of cumulative creditable service based on the date used to compute longevity pay receives an additional pay of $250 per month. (This additional pay is not used in computing retired pay.) This provision was established in 37 U.S.C. §203(b) in 1963, and it is the only longevity pay raise a Permanent Professor may receive after 30 years of service. There have been efforts over the years to secure earlier and more frequent pay raises for the Permanent Professors, but none has been successful.
In order to encourage their continued professional development, Permanent Professors are expected to take sabbatical assignments (normally every five years). The sabbaticals are (as defined in Academy Instruction) “in fields directly related to their Permanent Professor responsibilities to ensure they remain current in their discipline or serve in the operational AF for the purposes of refreshing their operational experience in their primary career field.” The emphasis on taking sabbaticals, as well as their duration, frequency, and location, has varied through the years. While on sabbatical, the Permanent Professor remains on Academy manning documents, so the gaining unit (military or civilian) gets an extra person “for free.” Moreover, even while on sabbatical, the Permanent Professor continues to be treated as a Permanent Professor for purposes of promotion or retirement (see below).
A final provision for professional development of the Permanent Professor is that extensive performance reviews are conducted after completion of the 30th, 35th, and 40th years of commissioned service. These reviews are in addition to the annual performance reports prepared by the Dean for each Permanent Professor. These special reviews serve two purposes. First, they call for the Dean and the Superintendent formally to evaluate the merits of further continuance. But, just as importantly, they compel the Permanent Professor to formally review their own performance, contributions to their academic discipline, and involvement across the entire Academy, while providing a focus on the future. These reviews also serve as a basis to recommend Permanent Professors for promotion to the grade of brigadier general upon retirement.
Promotion of a Permanent Professor to the grade of brigadier general is described in the Academy Instruction:
Upon retirement, any Permanent Professor whose grade is below brigadier general, and whose service as such a Professor has been long and distinguished, may, at the discretion of the President, be retired in the grade of brigadier general (10 U.S.C. §8962) without the pay of that grade. For this retirement promotion, the individual must have 30 or more years of total active federal commissioned service and 10 or more years of continuous service as a Permanent Professor or department head. In conformance with the desire of the President, Deputy Secretary of Defense memorandum, 21 July 1964, delegated approval authority for these promotions to the SecAF. The SecAF further delegated retirement promotion appointment authority to the SecAF Personnel Council (30 August1967 memorandum).
The Secretary’s 1967 Memorandum contained an alternative criterion for promotion, namely that the Permanent Professor would be eligible with 25 or more years Total Active Federal Commissioned Service, at least 13 years as a Department Head or higher, and a contemporary in the Line of the Air Force had been promoted to brigadier general. In reality, this additional criterion is no longer very useful. It was helpful to some of the early Permanent Professors who were appointed while still very junior in grade; however, no officer that junior has been appointed for over 40 years. Given the current rigid selection process, it is unlikely any person so junior would be appointed in the future.
These specific criteria for the promotion of Permanent Professors were developed at the Air Force Academy. In 1966 the Air Staff directed the Superintendent to develop a specific policy for this issue. The Dean (Brigadier General McDermott) drafted the new policy and the Superintendent (Lieutenant General Moorman) sent the proposed policy to the Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel on August 23, 1967. In his letter the Superintendent stated the following:
The law reserves this honor for those professors whose service as such has been long and distinguished. In developing a policy which could be applied in all such retirements I deemed it necessary to define what was long and to equate the criteria somewhat with the line of the Air Force experience with promotions to brigadier general. It is necessary also to consider the contributions made by the retiring professor, both to the military service and to the USAF Academy. I thought it particularly significant that the policy should not entice, in any way, a permanent professor to submit his request for retirement....
The policy statement attached to the letter (with the two criteria identified above) was approved promptly and appeared in the SecAF memo of August 30, 1967. It is worth noting that this is the only opportunity for promotion that Permanent Professors have (other than selection for Dean). Although chosen for their professional qualities, Permanent Professors never again meet a promotion board, as do all other colonels.
The first retirements were in the 1960s. Jim Wilson was the first Permanent Professor to retire, in 1965, and he was promoted to brigadier general at that time. Archie Higdon and Pete Moody retired in November 1967, and, based on the recommendation of the Superintendent, they were promoted at retirement. All three of these officers met the “new” criteria. Five other officers, including three who retired that year, one who retired in 1968, and another who retired in 1969, did not meet the criteria and were not promoted at the time (although they were all promoted later as noted below).
In the early 1990s five of the early retired Permanent Professors—Wes Posvar (retired in June 1967), Chris Munch (July 1967), Wil Ruenheck (November 1967), Al Miele (November 1968), and George Fagan (August 1969)—were promoted to brigadier general by the Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records. The action was based on the argument that they had retired or applied for retirement before the specific criteria were established. Apparently, the Superintendent at the time of their retirement (Lieutenant General Moorman) and the then Superintendent (Lieutenant General Hosmer) both concurred that these officers’ service had been long and distinguished. Wes Posvar was promoted in 1991, George Fagan and Wil Ruenheck in early 1993, and Chris Munch and Al Miele somewhat later, all retroactive to their dates of retirement.
There are exceptions to every policy.
— Harvey Schiller retired in 1986 with 25 years of service and 6 years as Permanent Professor. He was promoted to brigadier general in 2004 based on his exceptional contributions as a Permanent Professor and his continued contributions to the nation in subsequent prominent positions.
— Ron Reed was promoted to brigadier general when he was retired for medical reasons in 2005. With nearly 28 years of service and nearly 11 years as Permanent Professor, Ron’s promotion was justified on the basis that his distinguished service was cut short by cancer.
— Roger Bate retired in 1973 after 26 years of service and 11 years as Permanent Professor. Apparently, he had been recommended for promotion at the time by the Dean (Brigadier General Woodyard), but the grade had not been awarded—no known reason. His long and distinguished contributions were recognized when he was promoted to brigadier general in 2008.
— Rich Hughes retired in 1995 with 28 years of service and 8 years as a Permanent Professor. He was promoted in 2010 based on his continued service to the Academy, post-retirement.
In each of these four instances, the promotion was approved by the Air Force Personnel Council upon the recommendation of the Superintendent. The Air Force Personnel Council appears to rely heavily on the Superintendent’s recommendations in such cases.
Permanent Professors continue to be considered for retirement promotion to brigadier general under the established policy, now virtually unchanged for more than 50 years. Altogether, of the Permanent Professors who retired, just under 80 percent were promoted to brigadier general through this provision.
The pay for retired Permanent Professors is that of other officers retired from active duty in the pay grade of colonel. The amount of pay is a percentage of the final basic pay or the High-36 basis, depending on individual circumstances. The percentage begins at 50 percent for 20 years of active service and grows by 2½ percent per year thereafter. Before 2007, the multiplier was capped at 75 percent. However, since 2007 the maximum multiplier is no longer capped; rather it continues to grow at the 2½ percent rate with every year served beyond 30 years to, say, 90 percent at 36 years, 100 percent at 40 years, and even beyond! Although this is not a special provision for Permanent Professors, they are especially well-placed to benefit from the change.
The initial Dean of the Faculty was Brigadier General Don Z. Zimmerman, who served from July 1954 until December 1955. When General Zimmerman was reassigned, the Superintendent, Lieutenant General Harmon, assumed additional duty as Dean until Colonel McDermott was appointed Acting Dean. Colonel McDermott was formally appointed Dean of the Faculty by Major General Briggs, when he became the second Superintendent on August 1, 1956 (McDermott was promoted to brigadier general in September 1959 and is regarded as the first permanent Dean). General Briggs had observed Colonel McDermott’s grasp of the Academy’s academic needs and his leadership when he led the Academy Curriculum Review Committee in February 1956. Upon his arrival at the Academy in June 1956 as Assistant Superintendent, General Briggs met with Colonel McDermott and told him that he was to be the Dean as soon as General Briggs became the Superintendent. It would appear this was General Briggs decision, undoubtedly concurred in by the Chief of Staff and Secretary of the Air Force. Lieutenant General Moorman selected Colonel Woodyard, then Vice Dean, to be the second permanent Dean of the Faculty. The nomination was coordinated with the Air Staff, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and sent to the Senate by the White House. The nomination was confirmed by the Senate on May 17 to become effective on August 1, 1968.
| 1 | Robert F. McDermott | 1957–1968 | |
| 2 | William T. Woodyard | 1968–1978 | |
| 3 | William A. Orth | 1978–1983 | |
| 4 | Ervin J. Rokke | 1983–1986 | |
| 5 | Erlind G. Royer | 1987–1991 | |
| 6 | Ruben A. Cubero | 1991–1998 | |
| 7 | David A. Wagie | 1998–2004 | |
| 8 | Dana H. Born | 2004–2013 | |
| 9 | Andrew P. Armacost | 2013–Present |
In the original concept, the Dean of the Faculty was appointed Dean for an unspecified period. The first permanent Dean of the Faculty, Brigadier General McDermott, served in the position for 11 years until his voluntary retirement in 1968. His successor, Brigadier General Woodyard, served for 10 years and was involuntarily retired in 1978. General Woodyard was ending his ninth year as Dean when Lieutenant General Tallman was appointed Superintendent in June 1977. Soon after his arrival, General Tallman announced his desire to replace the Dean with an officer of his own choosing. Perhaps the reason was to build a more cohesive leadership team, or perhaps it was simply to reduce the power and influence that had accrued to the office of the Dean. However, the Dean did not accept the invitation to retire.
The authority to retire a Permanent Professor is vested in the Secretary of the Air Force, and in April 1978 General Tallman requested the Secretary appoint a new Dean to replace General Woodyard. The Secretary, John C. Stetson, appointed a committee to review the matter. There followed an open and pointed exchange of views, much of which was played out in the newspapers. Ultimately, the Secretary elected to approve the Superintendent’s recommendation to appoint a new Dean. General Woodyard’s opinion of the matter was published in an open letter to the faculty, where he noted that his firing was not based on cause, nor was it based on any displeasure with the academic performance of cadets. He stated that he resisted the demand to retire voluntarily in order to preserve academic freedom; that the academic program was placed in jeopardy by the power of a military commander to replace subordinates at will. General Woodyard was offered the option to retire or continue at the Academy as a Permanent Professor in the grade of colonel. He retired without ceremony in August 1978 with 37 years of active service, the longest continuous service of any general officer in the Air Force, and the last remaining member of the original contingent of officers who established the Academy at Lowry AFB in 1954.
In concurring with the Superintendent’s recommendation, the Secretary expressed full support for the concept of tenure for the Academy’s Permanent Professors. He acknowledged the Permanent Professor status as specified in law and justified by the need for stability, continuity, and academic excellence in the development of the Academy’s academic program. However, he also noted that administrative and managerial positions such as the Dean or Department Head, even if held by Permanent Professors, were not protected by law or custom but rather were subject to the decisions of management. The Secretary further recommended that the Dean be appointed for a fixed term.
Following the Secretary’s decision to replace General Woodyard as Dean, the Superintendent formed a search committee to help him identify three Dean of the Faculty candidates from among the Permanent Professors who had served as heads of academic departments. The Search Committee consisted of General John Roberts, Commander of Air Training Command; retired USAF Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft; Professor Sheila Widnall, MIT; and Dr. Chester Alter, Chancellor Emeritus, University of Denver. General Tallman forwarded the names of the three candidates to Secretary Stetson, who selected Colonel William A. Orth for nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate. Colonel Orth was made Acting Dean on August 1 and then promoted to brigadier general and appointed Dean of the Faculty on September 1, 1978. Much the same procedure was followed for the selection and appointment of the next three Deans. The search committees were composed of two or three Air Force general officers, often with PhDs and/or experience at the Academy, one or two well-respected civilian educators, and someone from HQ USAF. Notably, one Superintendent chose to chair the committee as a non-voting member and a major general member of the same committee became the Academy’s Superintendent shortly after the selected Dean took office. Also, one of the distinguished educators served two terms on the Academy Board of Visitors, served on at least two search committees, and later became Secretary of the Air Force. It is clear the committees were carefully chosen to comprise a group well qualified to make these important recommendations.
Brigadier General Orth was given a five-year term as Dean. His term could have been extended by the Secretary for another five years, but General Orth chose to retire after five years in 1983. His successor, Brigadier General Erv Rokke, served three years, 1983–1986, before returning to the Line of the Air Force as a colonel and the Air Attaché designate to the Soviet Union (later Erv would earn the rank of lieutenant general and serve as President of the National Defense University); the fifth, Brigadier General Lindy Royer, served four years, 1987–1991, and retired. Since the five-year term policy was formulated, three Deans have been extended beyond the initial five-year tour. The sixth permanent Dean, Brigadier General Randy Cubero, served for seven years, 1991–1998; the seventh, Brigadier General Dave Wagie, served for six years; and the eighth, Brigadier General Dana Born, served for nine years.
In 1994 the Superintendent, Lieutenant General Hosmer, published a memorandum with the subject “Tour of Duty for Deans of the Faculty at the Air Force Academy.” In it he referred to the “unwritten policy” that the Dean would have a fixed tenure of five years, renewable by the Secretary of the Air Force for up to another five years. The memorandum put on record the undocumented policy and made a specific recommendation. General Hosmer stated the policy as follows:
The policy for the tenure of the Dean of the Faculty at the Air Force Academy should be that a Dean will, in normal circumstances, serve 5 years. The Dean always has the option to retire as a brigadier general, or revert to tenured permanent professor status as a colonel, before his normal tour is concluded. If the Superintendent believes it to be in the best interest of the Academy for the Dean to continue beyond 5 years, and if the Dean is willing, the Superintendent may extend the Dean’s tour of duty for additional periods not to exceed a total of 4 years. Such an extension is subject to the agreement of the Secretary of the Air Force.
General Hosmer recommended that this policy be provided in writing to each candidate for the position and that the selected Dean should acknowledge understanding of it.
Beginning with General McDermott, the permanent Dean of the Faculty has been a Permanent Professor who was promoted to the grade of brigadier general as the Dean. The concept started to change in 1992 when 10 U.S.C. §9335 was revised to delete the grade provisions (though not the requirement for selection from the Permanent Professors). But then the law was revised again in 1999 to add those grade provisions back in along with plain language that the brigadier general authorization would count against the service’s authorized number of general officers. In 2003 however, Section 9335 was revised to state: “If a person appointed as the Dean is not an officer on active duty, the person shall be appointed as a member of the Senior Executive Service.” This change occurred during heightened scrutiny at the Academy for sexual assault reporting and prosecution and perhaps aimed to alter the nature of the faculty and increase the civilian influence there. The 2003 revision also included changing 10 U.S.C. §9331(b)(2) from authorizing a “Dean of the Faculty, who is a permanent professor” to just a “Dean of the Faculty.” It is not clear whether a civilian Dean, if one were selected, would be subject to the five-year term limitation.
The policy change to allow for a civilian Dean of the Faculty brought changes to the selection procedure. For the 1998 selection, the possibility of a civilian Dean had been acknowledged, but the law still required the candidates be selected from the Permanent Professors. Rather than accept a list of the top candidates, the Secretary at the time, F. Witten Peters, decided to personally interview the finalists. The Superintendent after convening a selection committee sent three officers to interview with the Vice Chief of Staff and the Secretary. They selected Colonel Dave Wagie, who then served as Dean from 1998 to 2004.
For both of the next selections in 2004 and 2013, the position of the Dean of the Faculty was advertised nationally, and applications were received from civilian as well as military candidates. In 2004 the selection committee identified the most qualified candidates, all of whom were Permanent Professors. After interviews with the Air Force Chief of Staff and the Secretary, the Secretary made the selection. In 2013, 85 applicants responded to the national solicitation for candidates. Of the 10 selected to interview with the selection committee, 2 or 3 were civilians. Colonel Andy Armacost was selected after interviewing with the AF Chief of Staff and Secretary. To date, each of the Deans selected under the new policy, Generals Born and Armacost, came from the ranks of the Permanent Professors.
In 2003, when 10 U.S.C. §9331(b)(2) was amended to explicitly state that the Air Force Academy Dean was not a Permanent Professor, the Army section of Title 10 continued to state the opposite: that the Dean at West Point is a Permanent Professor. Title 10 U.S.C. §4331(b)(2) establishes for the Military Academy “A Dean of the Academic Board, who is a permanent professor,” and §4335(a) specifies “The Dean of the Academic Board shall be appointed as an additional permanent professor from the permanent professors who have served as heads of departments of instruction at the Academy.” Therefore, while Air Force Chief of Staff General John P. Jumper and Secretary James G. Roche accepted the civilian Dean, the Army leadership rejected the measure, preferring to continue to guarantee in law that the faculty leadership of their Military Academy remain military